Population surveillance. The carrying of identification while traveling. Add to that the public presence of diverse religions and it sounds like 2025, but this was life in the Ottoman Empire 200 years ago. Yet this seeming tolerance of non-Muslim faiths was in fact tied to the first two aspects, according to research published in Comparative Studies in Society and History by Osaka Metropolitan University Associate Professor Masayuki Ueno.
Ottoman Empire’s religious ‘tolerance’ was another form of control, findings suggest
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